The members of the transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) family of cytokines, including bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP), play fundamental roles in development and tissue homeostasis. Hence, aberrant TGFbeta/BMP signalling is associated with several human diseases such as fibrosis, bone and immune disorders, cancer progression and metastasis. Consequently, targeting TGFbeta signalling for intervention potentially offers therapeutic opportunities against these diseases. Many investigations have focussed on understanding the molecular mechanisms underpinning the regulation of TGFbeta signalling. One of the key areas has been to investigate the regulation of the protein components of the TGFbeta/BMP signal transduction pathways by ubiquitylation and deubiquitylation. In the last 15years, extensive research has led to the discovery and characterisation of several E3 ubiquitin ligases that influence the TGFbeta pathway. However, the research on DUBs regulating the TGFbeta pathway has received prominence only recently and is still an emerging field. This review will provide a concise summary of our current understanding of how DUBs regulate TGFbeta signalling.